The Psychology Skinner And The Events That Fits With...

Abstract Cultural influence, the environment, surroundings, and the events tragic or otherwise influence a person’s development throughout their life span. These developments can affect a person’s personality and the way that they may behave. This paper will take a look at all of these aspects and how exactly they play a role in a person’s development. This paper will focus on the psychologist B.F. Skinner and the events that he went through during his life and how is affected his personality and behaviors. This paper will also take a look at Freud’s view of psychoanalytic perspective and how that fits in with Skinner’s life. This paper will look at two other personality perspectives and analyze how it fits with Skinner’s development†¦show more content†¦Major Events/ Cultural Influences Burrhus Frederic Skinner otherwise called B.F. Skinner was born in March 1904, in Susquehanna, PA. B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist and behaviorist. Skinner came from a very strict household where both of his parents were very stern. Even though his parents were strict, Skinner grew up in a loving, secure, where his family tried to instill righteousness and morals into their children’s lives. When Skinner was younger he loved to be outside and was always building things with his hands. Since early childhood Skinner had an interest with animals and why they behave the way that they do. This followed him into his adulthood and even helped him develop the principles of operant conditioning. Operant Conditioning is a type of â€Å"learning in which reinforcement, which is contingent upon the occurrence of a particular response; increase the probability that the same response will occur again† (Feist Feist, 2009). Through precise control of the environme nt, Skinner was able to modify the behavior of animal subjects. B.F. Skinner believed that a person behaves and act the way that they do because of the environment they came from or the events that has happened in their own lives. Not only while they are a kid but throughout their whole life. Also the kind of involvements that parents decide to have in their kids’ lives can also have

Alien Invasion Free Essays

2012 ALIEN INVASION? [pic] Researcher Ian O’Neill said that it’s ridiculous 2012 doomsday theories can get. He also said that according to the Examiner. com (a rather dubious, yet expansive news website), 2012 could be filled with an alien invasion fleet after â€Å"3 very large, very fast moving objects† were spotted in some astronomical images. We will write a custom essay sample on Alien Invasion or any similar topic only for you Order Now But there’s a problem. The â€Å"UFO Examiner† reporting this nonsense appears to have made the whole thing up, using a fictitious astrophysicist as a source, a dodgy astronomical photograph and a whole truckload of delusional imagination to communicate the fantasy. Researcher said that it’s his first real attempt for some time that he had seen someone trying to indicate there will be an alien invasion in 2012. It’s been done before, but the invading aliens involving Zecharia Sitchin’s comical â€Å"Annunaki† — are supposed to be traveling aboard a fictional planet called Nibiru (set to arrive on Dec. 21, 2012, of course). Armageddon Planet or Astronomical Baloney? Bad Astronomer Phil Plait clearly points out; the flimsy piece of evidence being used by the â€Å"UFO Examiner† is actually an image defect on the observation plate. It also happens a lot! What makes this particular example (the picture on the top) susceptible to image defects is that the original image was captured on a physical photographic plate and then scanned and digitized (i. e. , copied onto a computer for easy access) through the 2nd Generation Digitized Sky Survey. During the scanning process according to Phil Plait, it is nigh-on impossible to remove all dust and other debris from the plates, so dust and other debris can often be found floating in some digitized images. Also, chips and cracks in the emulsion of the plates will be scanned. But how do you know if what you’re looking at is a chip, scratch or coffee stain and not a ginormous alien space ship flying toward Earth? Apart from the simple application of logical thought, astronomers will often photograph the same part of the night sky with several different filters. If the object is in the blue filter, say (as the above photo was lifted from), and not in the red filter, then it is highly likely that the object isn’t real and it’s just a fleck of dirt on one of the plates. CONCLUSION: HonestIy I really don’t believe in aliens. We might be scraping the bottom of the barrel, come on, aliens? Giant spaceships? Different colored people? Alien invasion in 2012?! I think the explanation above is enough to make us believe that â€Å"alien invasion† is not true. Anyone who wrote about that alien thing is just aiming to earn. They aren’t publicizing the end of the world as some helpful public service announcement, obviously we really know that, they’re doing it to make money. The writers or researchers who would say that they aren’t doing it for money are doing it because they have a dubious grasp on reality. 2012 Phenomenon Myths of the Near Future? The release of the new Roland Emmerich Hollywood blockbuster ‘2012’ has brought fresh fervour to Internet geeks and astrological scholars alike, both of whom might have a keen interest in the prophesies events of December 21, 2012, although most likely for different reasons. The end of the world predictions for 2012 according to some researchers, stem from the belief that at the conclusion of the 5,125 year-long Mayan long count calendar, which coincides with December 21, 2012 in our Gregorian calendar, there will be some sort of earth-shattering event or a series of events that will bring about the destruction of mankind. The modern day interest in all this can be traced back to the late 1950s when Maud Worcester Makemson, an archaeoastronomer (someone that studies ancient astronomy and its sociological implications) noted that the end of this time cycle would have had great significance for the ancient Maya people. This idea was further developed by an American anthropologist, Michael Coe. In his book The Maya Coe claimed that some ancient Mayan writings suggested that the end of the long count calendar on December 21, 2012 marked the end of the world, Armageddon, doomsday! The basis for these doomsday predictions appears to have some slightly thorny origins. The December 2012 date is connected to the conclusion of a time cycle in an ancient Mesoamerican calendar that began its countdown somewhere around 3114 BC. This starting point is when the ancient Maya people believed the previous world ended and a new one (the current one) began. Researchers also found out that there are a number of issues with these theories that should be noted however. Firstly, many scholars argue that in classical Maya literature there are conflicting accounts of what the end of the long count calendar might actually signify, and very few sources suggesting that it might mean an end of world scenario like the one interpreted by Micheal Coe. Secondly, the countdown was calculated differently from one Mayan city-state to another, so the precise date of the conclusion of the Mayan long count calendar is far from clear. It is also interesting that modern decedents of the ancient Maya people place little or no significance on the date December 21, 2012. Also, the ancient Maya scribes wrote about events that were set to take place after the date corresponding to December 21, 2012, so at least some of them did not predict the end of the world to take place on that date. Furthermore, there is no scientific evidence to suggest that either the end of the long count or its somewhat arbitrary beginning a little over 5000 years ago, have any scientific significance whatsoever. An American author, John Major Jenkins, who has written extensively about the Mayan culture and its relation to New Age mysticism suggests that the ancient Maya knew of this galactic alignment of planets and stars, and that this was part of their calendar countdown. However his claims, which relate to where in the sky the zodiacal constellations appear, would have had more credence in 1998 when the alignment he talks about was more precise than it will be in 2012. But there are even more grand things going on in our picture of the end of the world cataclysm predicted for December 2012. Our doomsday prophecy puzzle also incorporates the idea of a significant galactic alignment that just happens to coincide with the 2012 winter solstice in December 2012, meaning the galaxy itself is conspiring against us. It turns out that no end of the world predictions would be complete without a little input from the most famous seer of them all, practically a by-word for futurology, none other than Nostradamus himself. While there are many accounts that can be found floating around the Internet, which say Nostradamus predicted the end of the world in 1997 or was it 1999, or even 2012, none of them are able to say conclusively what the predictions really were, and clearly some of them were just plain wrong, since we are still here. This is mainly because Nostradamus wrote in such an archaic language, mixed with mysticism and metaphor, no one really knows for sure what his precise meaning was in many of his predictions. In any case, most experts agree that if he did set a date for our demise it is somewhere in the late 38th century, so we should be OK for at least our lifetimes. As well as the better known, or at least more talked about end of the world predictions, there is also a theory that a massive geomagnetic reversal is on the cards in 2012 it is according to the researchers. This involves the magnetic poles and the Earth’s magnetic field completely reversing. Scientists in this area do agree that the Earth is long overdue such a reversal, and end of the world theorists have tied this into the predicted peaks in solar flare activity that are due in 2012, which could theoretically affect the Earth’s magnetic field. However experts are keen to point out that geomagnetic reversal is not something that would simply ‘start one day’. The process takes several thousand years and is not necessarily triggered by solar activity. What is more, the original predictions of a peak in solar activity in 2012 have now been put back to 2013. Perhaps the most bizarre end of the world prophecies centers on the mysterious Planet X, which was once thought by scientists to be the tenth outlying planet in the solar system. However, later evidence proved that the perceived gravitational effects of Planet X were actually miscalculations, and that it actually never existed. Not to be put off by mere evidence, New Age thinkers, most notably Nancy Lieder, adopted the planet and re-named it Nibiru, claiming that it she had information that its orbit would take it right by the Earth somewhere around 2010, creating geomagnetic polar shifts that cause absolute devastation across the world, wiping out most of humanity. Incidentally, Lieder’s predictions are based on information she was given through an implant in her brain from aliens living in the Zeta Reticuli star system, honestly. Can Science beat the Doomsday hype? According to Fraser Cain a publisher of the Universe today the world will come to an end. In approximately 4 billion years time, when the sun has depleted its supply of hydrogen in its core, our nearest star will swell like a balloon when it starts to burn heavier elements, swallowing the planets of the inner solar system. Earth will be toast. However, this is the only guaranteed end-date scheduled in our planet’s future. Granted, there will undoubtedly be asteroid strikes, â€Å"killer† solar flares, geomagnetic reversals and possibly one or two interstellar gamma-ray bursts, but 4 billion years is Earth’s sell-by date. CONCLUSION: During my research about the 2012 phenomenon I have learned that; nothing special is predicted to happen in 2012. Especially that we are just human and only God knows what will happen in the future. No ancient civilization, prophet or crazed doomsday conspiracy theorist can see into the future. As I have said only God can do it. Indeed, they have never predicted anything of note in the past how could they predict the future. There’s also a lot of insanity in the world, there are a lot of people genuinely scared that the world might end in 2012. We already know what are the signs if end of the world like for example, great famine, nations by nations war, fortuitous events that are all acts of God, etc. , not those scientific explanations who doesn’t believe in God. But probably the most frightening thing of all, I think is that many people will blindly believe that the Apocalypse is just around the corner, and no amount of science will convince them otherwise. This often distracts from real-world problems, such as climate change and crisis. Sure, the world will end in 4 billion years time, but we don’t need to worry about that yet. How to cite Alien Invasion, Papers

Cyber-Hate on Gender-Free-Samples for Students Myassignmenthelp

Question: Write a report about "What are the main elements that have stimulated the spread of cyber-hate on gender? and what we should do to prevent cyber-hate?" Answer: Introduction According According to Goode et al. (2017), cyber-hate is defined as any use of electronic communication technology in a manner that spreads anti-Semitic, bigot, racist, terrorist, and extremist information, or messages. With the advancement in technology, the use of social media has become more of a basic need to the current generation, an aspect that exposes both men and women to the challenges of abuse and hatred that spread through the system. This paper examines and presents a clear research and discussion on the primary elements that globally stimulates the spread of cyber-hate on gender. It evaluates the background information of the concept, present findings, and suggest relevant recommendations on what needs to service providers need to do with the aim of combating cyber-hate not only on gender but even other related aspects. Background Analysis of cyber-hate In a systematic review, Ward (2016) points out that both male and female that in one way or another contributes to the public debates are often subjected to increasing cyber-hate and threats. Both members of the public and government officials have personal experience with the challenge, an aspect that is determined by different elements. For instance, Mr. Ellan, a Norwegian Minister of health, was at the forefront of introducing a policy on smoking, an issue that was globally considered one of the most stringent global legislating on smoking. It is an aspect that triggered a session to which he was subjected to personal threats and harmful comments from the public. Like Mr, Ellan, cyber-hate has been experienced by many other people across all cultures as supported by Sandercock (2015). In the decades that have passed, Goode et al. (2017) assert that cyber-hate is a growing problem in the society, an aspect that has been triggered with the advancement of technology across every industry and lifestyle activities. Cyber-hate is known to be characterized by the spread of rumors, threats, and slander by gender identity, religious beliefs, gender identity, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. Zweig et al. (2013) also denote that the growing reach of the Internet, the rapid spread of communication technologies and mobile communication, as well as the widespread social media, have presented new opportunities for businesses but also promotes cyber-hate on gender. Such platforms have been adopted for spreading the news of the rights of women and the girl child in the society, a strategy that has seen technology inflict harm on girls and women. As a result, cyber-hate is emerging as a world problem with serious implications for the economies and societies around the world. Methods The study adopts the survey questionnaire targeting the public and social media managers for different internet providers. The survey was conducted among 15 public participants and five private social media managers for different business organizations. The survey adopts open-ended questions that are focused on understanding the following aspects; What elements promote cyber-hate among different genders? What steps do the internet providers recommend in dealing with issues of digital violations such as cyber-hate? Understanding of the public on the terms and conditions governing their usage of the internet The study also reviews different journal publications as the primary means of collecting information. As a secondary source of information, the paper evaluates different literature studies in the various aspects that directly or indirectly relates to cyber-hate and gender in the current society. The paper will evaluate the different issues and suggestions under the subject cyber-hate, an aspect that will provide more information on the development of technology and its impacts on the society. Results In reviewing various internet service providers, the results show that many sites such as YouTube allow users to flag any offensive content for review. Such sites allow the users to comment on why they thought the communication could be considered as cyber-hate or it is an offensive statement. In such cases, users are expected to include details of comments as to why they have the view of the item of communication to be cyber-hate. The management of such social sites encourages the public to speak by posting comments, videos, and counter viewpoints that oppose the offensive view that leads to cyber-hate. With such a strategy, they aim at ensuring that the social networking community understands a competing perspective of cyber-love and positivity in promoting unity and oneness among the different genders in the global society. Table 1: Views of the internet providers in combating cyber-hate Think Perspective is very essential, an aspect that requires every individual to think before acting. In the process, act or respond in a thoughtful and careful manner that do not become offensive to the rest. Applaud The fight against cyber-hate is for everyone in the community. As a result, we should not forget to post positive comments on every content that shares positive messages. Learn There are many groups that publish information concerning combating certain kinds of prejudice such as anti-Semitism from Anti-Defamation sources. Talk Talk and share with friends and families on the need of fight against cyber-hate. Act Take active role in combating prejudice offline and online cyber-hate communication. Know It is the responsibility of every user to have a clear understanding of the community he or she is dealing with in the use of the internet. Evaluate and understand the terms of service or provides community guidelines for finding more information about the site the provider is running. In that manner, it is possible for the user to hold accountable the sites for their own words. The result also proved that out of the 15 participants, only two always take their time in reading and understanding the terms and conditions governing the use of internet services they engage in while communicating with other peers of just commenting on the internet staff. 100% of the participants have also experienced cyber-hate due to different aspects of communication and topic of discussion at that time. According to them, politics, rights of women in the society, and position in the society were the primary element that promoted cyber-hate. Discussion While reviewing different publications, it is evident that the adoption of technological advancements in various aspects has provided groundbreaking business and life advantages. The global population has information and opportunities that cannot be underestimated due to the use of the internet (Dank, 2014). For instance, the video, internet, and music sharing sites, mobile phones, and social media have changed the socio-economic aspects of the world. However, Wright and Li (2012) point out that this ubiquitous information technology has also become a platform for hate, bigotry, and vitriolic language among the global community. Goode et al. (2017) point out that cyber-hate has become a primary concern due to its impact on individuals, society, and online community; especially on specific gender depending on the element of the discussion. The following elements were pointed out as major contributors to cyber-hate among genders in the society. Impersonation- technology is used to assume the identity of specific victims with the aim of accessing private information, shame or embarrass a victim, create fraudulent documents for identity, or contact targeted victims. Such aspects have led to sending emails from the victim's email accounts and making calls using unknown numbers. Spamming- the internet is being used to threaten, annoy, contact continuously, or scare victims. This is used especially on women advocating for change on issues that are against the male counterparts such as was against female genital mutilation, rights of women, policy changes, etc. The aim of this strategy is to ensure persistent calls and texts or filling up voicemail with messages that lives no other person with space to contact the victim (Chan, Ghose, Seamans, 2016). Unemployment and online recruitments- the internet is being used in luring potential victims into violent situations such as fraudulent advertisements and postings including employment opportunities and dating sites. Bradley et al. (2016) denotes that the result is to find out the truth of traffickers using chat rooms, websites for communication, and message boards. This has lowered many girls and young men into sex slavery. Politics- the internet is used by different political figures to spread hate messages about their opposition counterparts. It is experienced in many cases when women take part in political positions as a strategy to frighten than to step down in favor of their male counterparts. In such cases, defamatory and hate messages are manipulated while illegal materials relating to the victim are used to threaten or leak private information that can be used successfully to politically eliminate a competitor (Hwang et al., 2016). In a systematic study, Elpus and Carter (2016) point out that cyber-hate often have a clear and essential gender-based dimension. Most women are often exposed to rape threats and sexualized hatred just because they are seen and heard advocating for the rights of their female counterparts in the community. There are also victims of cyber-rape and revenge pornography with the aim of humiliating and objectifying certain individuals and destroy their reputation for making them feel vulnerable, afraid, and ashamed. Recommendation strategies that can be adapted to prevent cyber-hate The internet industry, as well as the respective service providers, need to recognize the moral and social responsibility aspect in combating cyber-hate. The service providers, as well as the social networking sites, need to generate content sites that recognize and address the vital role coming with facilitating communication. It should take effect even in case of an unintended side-effect of otherwise legitimate or extremely valuable work. According to Walters and Tumath (2014), the first imperative in the elimination of cyber-hate in gender is prevention. The changing social norms and attitudes are the first more to shifting the way online abuse is evaluated and understood as a serious challenge. In other words, even though violence is not new, cyber-hate is an aspect that needs to be recognized and addressed by the public as an issue of priority. As a result, sensitization to cyber-hate on gender needs to include education of the next generation of ICT users both male and female through their teachers, parents, and the community in overall. These strategies also need to involve the justice systems and police authorities. It is also recommended for internet service providers to implement or put in place safeguards that can secure a safe digital space. Sandercock (2015) denotes that over the years, steps on fighting gender violence have evolved around adopting crisis centers, education helplines, and women shelters. In light of the new cyber-hate complexity in the society, it is recommended that the digital world adopts safety measures with the aim of keeping up with the rapidly evolving internet. However, such a strategy will require active participation, attention, and resources from the industry, governments, and civil societies. Addressing cyber-hate also requires a multi-level approach such as sanctions to address the issue. Sanctions need to address the regulations, ability, and will of the legal systems and courts in enforcing compliance as well as punitive consequences for any perpetrators. The establishment id necessary laws are a straight goal, but the problem often comes with the aspect of effective implementation. However, Ward (2016) denotes that sanctions on their own are not in a position to accord, set, or define the societal norms, remedy injuries, or deter unlawful activities that promotes cyber-hate. Therefore, the challenge requires broad-based action from the society that engages all the stakeholders as a part of the solutions. It will be adopted as a mere legal agenda of reform that is centered on perpetrators and abusers with the aim of limiting both its impact and reach. Conclusion From the study, it is evident that cyber-hate is a growing concern as a result of the impacts it has on communities, online societies, and individuals. Many online global companies are focused on striking a balance between ensuring the safety of the online community and protecting the individual expression. Every member of the society hence has the responsibility of fighting cyber-hate among every gender in the society, an aspect that should be adopted both in academic institutions and legal systems to ensure the community lives in harmony in the online and offline usage of internet. References Bradley, D. F., Grubbs, J. B., Uzdavines, A., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I. (2016). Perceived Addiction to Internet Pornography among Religious Believers and Nonbelievers.Sexual Addiction Compulsivity,23(2/3), 225-243. doi:10.1080/10720162.2016.1162237. Cartwright, B. (2017). Cyberbullying And "The Law Of The Horse:" A Canadian Viewpoint.Journal Of Internet Law,20(10), 14-26. Chan, J., Ghose, A., Seamans, R. (2016). The Internet And Racial Hate Crime: Offline Spillovers From Online Access.MIS Quarterly,40(2), 381-404. Dank, M. m., Lachman, P., Zweig, J., Yahner, J. (2014). Dating Violence Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth.Journal Of Youth Adolescence,43(5), 846-857. Elpus, K., Carter, B. A. (2016). Bullying Victimization Among Music Ensemble and Theatre Students in the United States.Journal Of Research In Music Education,64(3), 322-343. doi:10.1177/0022429416658642 Goode, S., Hoehle, H., Venkatesh, V., Brown, S. A. (2017). User Compensation As A Data Breach Recovery Action: An Investigation Of The Sony Playstation Network Breach.MIS Quarterly,41(3), 703-A16. Hwang, J., Lee, H., Kim, K., Zo, H., Ciganek, A. P. (2016). Cyber neutralisation and flaming.Behaviour Information Technology,35(3), 210-224. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2015.1135191 Sandercock, T. (2015). Transing the small screen: loving and hating transgender youth in Glee and Degrassi.Journal Of Gender Studies,24(4), 436-452. doi:10.1080/09589236.2015.1021307 Walters, M. A., Tumath, J. (2014). Gender 'Hostility', Rape, and the Hate Crime Paradigm.Modern Law Review,77(4), 563-596. doi:10.1111/1468-2230.12079 Chambers-Jones, C. (2013). Policing Cyber Hate, Cyber Threat and Cyber Terrorism.International Journal Of Police Science Management,15(1), 74-75. doi:10.1350/ijps.2013.15.1.302 Ward, L. M. (2016). Media and Sexualization: State of Empirical Research, 19952015.Journal Of Sex Research,53(4/5), 560-577. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1142496 Wright, M. F., Li, Y. (2012). Kicking the Digital Dog: A Longitudinal Investigation of Young Adults' Victimization and Cyber-Displaced Aggression.Cyberpsychology, Behavior Social Networking,15(9), 448-454. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0061 Zweig, J. j., Dank, M. m., Yahner, J. j., Lachman, P. p. (2013). The Rate of Cyber Dating Abuse Among Teens and How It Relates to Other Forms of Teen Dating Violence.Journal Of Youth Adolescence,42(7), 1063-1077.

Shakespeare Greatest Playwright of All free essay sample

Greatest Playwright of All William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a British poet and playwright, he was well known as the greatest writer of all time, he was often called the Bard of Avon. Although many facts of his life remain unknown, his poems and plays are unique and have timeless theme that touch everyone’s heart, and are still widely studied and performed in today’s society. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and stability that led to a new era for England. Shakespeare’s works epitomize arts of the Elizabethan Epoch; through his uses of beautiful and poetic language, iambic pentameter is nearly always used in his style of poetry. Shakespeare wrote about timeless themes about the human nature surrounded themes of true love, revenge, power-lust, ambition, anger, war, etc, they are not only appealed to the people of Elizabethan England, but also provide a reference for life in his time for us to view the contemporary society. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare Greatest Playwright of All or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon Avon in Warwickshire and was baptized on April 26, 1564. His father was a wool merchant and his mother was the daughter of a landowner. The next documented event was his marriage when he was 18 years old to Anne Hathaway who was 26 years old at that time, and they had three children. There was another gap where some scholars referred to as the lost years, then he was working in a theatre in London in 1592. Shakespeare wrote his very first play, Henry VI, Part One in 1589-90, and in  1590-91, Shakespeare wrote Henry VI, Part Two and Henry VI, Part III. Shakespeares poetry appeared before his plays, his narrative poems Venus and Adonis as his first ever publication in 1593. Then Shakespeare wrote plays began to be noticed by the public, and sooner became popular. During the Renaissance in Europe there was a great innovation of science; the Church had lost some of the corruptive power that once held over Europe, and people were again free to look back upon the pagan scholars and writers of Greece and Rome. Plays by playwrights such as Euripides, Plautus, and Seneca which were once banned by the Church were once again being read and performed. Likewise, the cultural stories of the people were once again being told in public, and playwrights, including Shakespeare, were widely performed. An good example would be Midsummer Nights Dream, Shakespeare used ancient Celtic and Greek mythological figures such as Puck, Oberon, Theseus and placed them in a different time and place, but with their original characteristics. Other plays, such as Romeo and Juliet make references to popular mythological figures like Queen Mab to make the story fit better into their world. Since people of all classes attended plays, playwrights needed to use stories, characters and words that would appeal to everyone. England in the time before the reign of Elizabeth I was under a state of religious turmoil. When Elizabeth I ascended to the throne, she banned the performances all religious plays and stories (except in Church) to help stop the violence over religion. Popular plays were   not longer be performed, and playwrights were now free to concentrate on secular stories. They still contained some elements of religion, as did everyday life in Elizabethan England, but it was not the primary focus, nor did it play a particularly important part of the story. Conventions from Medieval religious theatre found its way into Elizabethan Theatre, however, and Shakespeare made good use of them during their performances, such as using the trap door for the gravediggers’ scene in Hamlet. The Hellmouth and trapdoor, which had been a staple of Medieval Theatres continued to be used, and were built into the permanent theatre structures used in the performances of Elizabethan plays. Shakespeare’s histories, such as Henry V, were a tribute to the Monarch and to the country. Many playwrights and other artists paid homage to their patrons, including Shakespeare. By writing about the glories of England and her former rulers he was paying homage to Queen Elizabeth and England. Since the arts were kept alive by patrons, it was best not to anger one and lose your support. Shakespeare sometimes, such as in Hamlet, criticized the Monarchy, but in a way that would not be obvious or outwardly treasonous. He spoke his mind, but also paid lip service to keep money coming from his patron. Shakespeare was a very prolific writer, because his writings are not totally original. He had help with many of his plays from other writers and actors, such as Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593), resulted people doubting that he himself wrote his plays. King Lear is based on a Celtic myth, and Hamlet is a retelling of earlier versions of the same story. Elizabethan plays use stock-type characters like those found in Comedia Del’Arte and Roman plays, and actors would specialize in specific types of roles. The English Renaissance Theatre played a significant part of Elizabethan theatre and Shakespeares playwright career. The theatre has a proscenium-arch stage, and seatings on hree tiers (stalls, circle and balcony). Shakespeare first worked for Lord Stranges Men in The Rose, it is London’s most historic Elizabethan Theatre on Bankside and a home to many of Shakespeare’s and Marlowe’s first production. When the Globe was built, He worked for the Lord Chamberlains Men, and was also part owner of the Globe itself. People in Elizabethan England wer e very concerned with the humour, which was a form of medicine and psychology. Shakespeare makes references to them all over in his plays. Hamlet is portrayed as being to Melancholic, with his humours out of balance, and one was dominant over the others. This is not psychology as we know it today, and was why the people from Elizabethan Era believed people were the way they were. Shakespeare used this belief to make his characters not only believable, but also understandable to his audience. Shakespeare’s works are the greatest representation of art from Elizabethan England politically, economically, and socially. No other art form, including painting, could provide so much information about life in Elizabethan England, we can see the ideas, thoughts, languages, customs, etc throughout his plays. Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets and 37 plays in total, including tragedy, comedy, and history. The Four Great Tragedies were his greatest achievement as a playwright, and are greatly studied in English literature, performed in theatre, and made into several films; include Romeo and Juliet (1594), the timeless tale of young lovers whose names were synonymous with star-crossed romance; Hamlet (1600), the revenge drama centering on the introspective Prince of Denmark; Othello (1604), a story of gallant soldier and loving husband was undone by jealousy ; and Macbeth (1605), known as The Scottish Play, concerning a noblemans overweening ambition. These plays focused on powerful central characters with outstanding personal qualities, and the antagonists were their own strengths,   their family, and the society, which would not allow then to get what they wanted. For example, Romeo and Juliet sought for true love, but they were forbidden to love each other because their families were  mortal enemies, and the story ended tragically where Romeo drugged himself and Juliet stabbed herself with a dagger.

Writing a Sample Synthesis Essay

Writing a Sample Synthesis EssayWhen you write a sample synthesis essay, you are going to want to take into consideration a few different things. There are so many people out there that writing samples, and I am sure that the differences between them are amazing. It's really important to take a few moments to consider why you would write these samples, and why you would write them in this manner.Why do you want to ask a question? There are a lot of great questions that you can ask in the course of a sample synthesis essay. A good question is one that will make your reader want to read on because they have found something they are interested in. You may not know exactly what your reader wants to read about, but you can be certain that they are looking for it. If you are giving them an opportunity to find out more about a topic, then you are doing them a favor.If you aren't able to write an original question, then a good idea is to ask a question related to the question you are writing about. For example, if you are writing about whether or not people like chocolate, then a question about chocolate may be appropriate. The question may be something like, 'Do people like chocolate or do they hate it?' Once you find a good question to ask, then you can simply use it as a starting point for your sample. This should make it a lot easier for you to find an answer to your question.I often find that questions are not the best ideas for this type of essay, but they do make a good idea. People who like to collect information tend to look for those details that they can turn into facts. You should find this interesting because people who love to collect information love to find and use facts. This is why they seek out information. The facts that you can find out from your sample essay are going to add to the body of your article and create interest for the reader.You may not have an unlimited amount of time to spend on your own research. If you have to rely on someone else to give you information, then you may not find the time to write your own sample. If you do find yourself needing to be creative, then you might consider using a sample synthesis essay as a springboard for your own research. Instead of writing an original essay, you can find one and then go through and change a few things until you find a good topic.There are several different types of file formats that you will need to use when writing a sample synthesis essay. You will need to have it in Microsoft Word, because you will be using the word processor on your computer. There are also several ways that you can format your text. This is something that you will want to think about, because some people find themselves using text editors on their computers. It will depend on how you are going to be writing your sample as well as where you are going to be placing it.Remember that a sample synthesis essay is meant to make you feel better about writing your own sample. As long as you take the time to think about a few different things, then you will find that writing one is not all that difficult. So take some time to think about some of the issues that you are going to face and get started today!

7 Mistakes to Avoid When Emailing Professors

7 Mistakes to Avoid When Emailing Professors Much changes when you begin college- new friendships, a new living space, and new knowledge that will propel you into the career of your dreams. Among these changes, youll need to learn how to communicate effectively with your professors and its surprising how many university students dont know how to do this properly.Perhaps youve never needed to communicate much with your teachers throughout high school. Or perhaps your university experience includes a change in culture as well, as you study in America after spending significant time in another country. In both cases, understanding the proper way to email your university professor will help you have success in your academic experience, regardless of the obstacles you face.So, what should you avoid when emailing your professor? Read below to find out the top seven mistakes that most people make when communicating with their higher-ed teachers. Avoid these mistakes and youll be well on your way to successful communication and (hopefu lly) a well-earned college degree.Mistake #1: Being wordyProfessors are busy people. In between a certain number of classes that theyre required to teach, they must grade papers (sometimes hundreds per assignment), prepare lesson plans, and conduct research/write papers that are required by the university in order to keep their post. In addition to this, they have hundreds of other students besides you to teach. Somewhere in the middle of all of that, they have personal lives.Often, students forget that all of these other things are happening in a professors life when they email him or her. The result is long emails, full of unnecessary details or extended requests, assuming that the professor has all the time in the world to read them.When you email your professor, the best way to avoid this mistake is to imagine that every one of your fellow students in the class (sometimes this can be hundreds) is also sending an email. When you imagine this to be happening- and lets face it, it could very well be happening- youll keep your communication succinct, only when necessary, and to-the-point.This includes a subject line that is easy to organize based on the student (you) and the class. For example, if your email concerns a report in your American History class, your subject line might read: Question regarding report – American History 101 – [Your name]. This will help your professor sift through emails to determine which need attention first based on the purpose of the email.Mistake #2: Asking questions with answers that can be found elsewhereAs mentioned previously, professors are busy- sometimes extremely busy. This means that if you are emailing to ask a question with an answer that could be found elsewhere, youre wasting your professors time. And weve already established that extra time is not a commodity most professors have.So how do you avoid this common mistake? First, before you send an email asking a question, read through the syllabus and class webpage (if there is one) to see if you can find the answer to your question there first. Second, if neither of these resources provides the answer you seek, contact a fellow student in the class to see if they know the answer. Its always a good idea to get the contact information of other students in your class for this exact reason, especially if you are working in groups or on group assignments. Third, ask yourself if the question must be answered immediately, or if it can wait until the next time the class meets.If neither of these options provides answers for your question, or if your question cant wait for the next time youre in class, then (and only then) is it acceptable to email your professor to ask. Remember: keep it short and to the point when you do. And make sure the subject line offers your professor a good idea of the topic of your email.Keep your email communication with professors short and succinct, showing that you value their time. Photo by Tra Nguyen on U nsplashMistake #3: Being informalRegardless of how informal or easy-going your professor seems when teaching the class, never make the mistake of being informal in your email when communicating with him or her. This can be taken as a sign of disrespect and includes emails written to graduate assistants who might be helping your professor with the class projects, grading, and instruction procedures. The simple fact that they are teaching you and providing you with needed knowledge to pursue your life goals means they a) know more than you about the topic and b) should be granted respect.In many cultures, speaking informally to a teacher is considered highly disrespectful. Some even insist that a student should not look a teacher directly in the eye or address him or her in a demanding tone. While Americans arent as formal as many other cultures, it is still a sign of disrespect to address your professor by his or her first name (unless youre asked to do so) or make demands as if you were a peer. Your professor has a degree that you do not have (yet) and is imparting his or her wisdom to you so that you might earn your degree. For this simple reason, being informal is a sign of disrespect, and should never happen- in an email or otherwise.Mistake #4: Telling your life storyAs an editor, I have copyedited literally hundreds of emails that students have sent to me before sending it to their professor. In the process of doing so, I have run across emails that are pages long, detailing specific reasons why the student missed class, made a bad grade or needs to withdraw. In each of those situations, I made the same recommendation that I make here: Dont. Just†¦dont.If you have a unique life situation that compels you to miss multiple classes, fail tests, or miss assignments, an email is not the proper method to use to discuss this with your professor. Rather, you should request time to meet with him or her and discuss your personal situation in person- whether af ter class or during conference hours (which all professors will have posted and usually include on their syllabus).Obviously, there will be life situations that arise that bring challenges to your academic pursuits. You cant control these. Professors understand this and for the most part, are willing to work with you to resolve them while still allowing you to pass the course. However, since youll need to provide specific details, and since emails should never be overly wordy, dont use emails to communicate your need. If the situation is personal enough to request extended time to turn in assignments or excused absences, it is personal enough to discuss face-to-face with your professor.Mistake #5: Demanding grade changes or unique privilegesThis mistake goes along with mistakes #3 and #4. When you demand grade changes or unique privileges (such as freedom to miss class while others are penalized for it), you run the risks of informality and providing details in an email that should be discussed face-to-face. If the situation is important enough for you to request special privileges that other students dont get, then it is important enough for a private conversation with your teacher.Remember- a professor is not required to grant leniency to you based on your life situation or the challenges you run into that keep you from attending class and making passing grades. There are no rules at the university level that require faculty to make these exceptions for students. It is strictly granted on a case-by-case basis and at the professors discretion. In such, these are requests that you should ask for humbly and without expectation or assumption of privilege. In either case, neither request belongs in an email.Any situation that requires detailed explanation should be reserved for a face-to-face conversation with your professor. Photo by Charles 🇠µÃ°Å¸â€¡ ­ on UnsplashMistake #6: Grammar/spelling errorsWhen I mentioned previously that Ive copyedited many emai ls to professors, its because students understand that an email sent with excessive grammar or spelling errors will not be taken seriously. This is why if English is not your original language- or even if it is and youre not the best at communicating or spelling things correctly- get an editor.Even if you consider yourself to have excellent English writing skills, its still important to copyedit your email before sending it, as an additional precaution. If you cant hire a proofreader or copyeditor to do this for you, at least use the grammar tools available in many word processing programs or online.Mistake #7: Emoticons and all capsFinally, lets look at mistake #7, which is connected with the mistake of informality. Never use emoticons in an email to your professor, as these are considered to be informal communication. Even though many young adults use emoticons often due to smartphone technology and social media prevalence, they have no place in formal communication with your teac her.Additionally, using all caps is considered to be rude. It is the same as yelling at someone, except youre doing it in writing instead of in speech. While many people assume that all caps is a way to highlight words or a point, this is a false assumption. If you want to highlight a word or a point, use bold font or italic font. You can also use an exclamation point, although be careful of this, as excessive exclamation point usage is considered to be poor grammar (and poor taste). Whatever you do, avoid using all caps at all costs.

Definition and Examples of Explication

Definition and Examples of Explication Explication is a term in research and literary criticism for the close analysis of a text or of an excerpt from a longer text. Also known as  exegesis. The term is derived from explication de texte (explanation of text), the practice in French literary studies of closely examining the language of a text to determine meaning. Explication de texte entered English-language criticism with the help of the New Critics, who emphasized a text-only approach as the only valid method of analysis. Thanks to the New Criticism, explication has become established in English as a critical term referring to the nuanced and thorough close reading of textual ambiguities, complexities, and interrelationships (Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms, 2003). See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: The Advantages of Slow Reading and Slow WritingAnalysisClose Reading and Deep ReadingCritical Analysis and Critical EssayRevision and Editing Checklist for a Critical EssayRhetorical Analysis EtymologyFrom the Latin, unfold, explain Examples and Observations [An explication  is an] attempt to reveal the meaning by calling attention to implications, such as the connotations of words and the tone conveyed by the brevity or length of a sentence. Unlike a paraphrase, which is a rewording or rephrasing in order to set forth the gist of the meaning, an explication is a commentary that makes explicit what is implicit. If we paraphrased the beginning of the Gettysburg Address, we might turn Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth into Eighty-seven years ago our ancestors established, or some such statement. In an explication, however, we would mention that four score evokes the language of the Bible, and that the biblical echo helps to establish the solemnity and holiness of the occasion. In an explication, we would also mention that fathers initiates a chain of images of birth, continued in conceived in liberty, any nation so conceived, and a new birth.(Marcia Stubbs and Sylvan Barnet, The Little, Brown Reader, 8th ed. Addiso n-Wesley, 2000) Ian Watts Explication of the First Paragraph of The AmbassadorsAn unusually brilliant example of the analysis of a single paragraph of prose is provided by Ian Watts The First Paragraph of The Ambassadors: An Explication, Essays in Criticism, 10 (July 1960), 250-74. Starting out with objectively observable idiosyncrasies of Henry Jamess syntax and diction, Watt relates these features to their function in the paragraph, to their effects on the reader, to the character traits of Strether and the narrator, and ultimately to the cast of Jamess own mind. He attempts then to persuade us that the stylistic features of this one paragraph are not only characteristic of Jamess later prose but also indicative of Jamess complex vision of life and his conception of the novel as an art form.(Edward P.J. Corbett, Approaches to the Study of Style. Teaching Composition: Twelve Bibliographical Essays, rev. ed., edited by Gary Tate. Texas Christian University Press, 1987)Explication as a Writing Assign mentYou may be assigned a paper asking you to analyze a book or portion of a book . . .. We call this method textual analysis because the text itself, what the author wrote, provides your data. Your paper is about the text itself, not about the texts subject matter. . . . Your paper is called an analysis because you take the authors work apart to examine the different components and then put them back together. This activity is called explication: a textual analysis explicates, or explains, what the authors main points are and how they are connected, and offers a critique of the authors argument. An analogy would be taking a car engine apart, explaining each part and how the parts work together and evaluating whether the car is a good buy or a lemon.Mastering the skill of explication will help you write better papers when a textual analysis is assigned. But, perhaps as important, this skill will help you evaluate more clearly all the books and articles you encounter in your academic career.(The Sociology Writing Group, ​A Guide to Writing Sociology Papers, 5th ed. Worth Publishers, 2001) Explication de Texte[Explication de texte is a] step-by-step way of explaining the details of a literary text, practiced in the French school system. Explication de texte differs from the close reading advocated by New Criticism because it restrains itself from acts of interpretation, focusing instead on providing the information that will enable a basic understanding of the work under discussion.(David Mikics, A New Handbook of Literary Terms. Yale University Press, 2007) Pronunciation: ek-sple-KAY-shun (English); ek-sple-ka-syon (French)